Richter, A.; Hita Garcia, F.; Keller, R. A.; Billen, J.; Katzke, J.; Boudinot, B. E.; Economo, E. P.; Beutel, R. G. 2021. The head anatomy of Protanilla lini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae), with a hypothesis of their mandibular movement. Myrmecological News 31:85-114. 10.25849/myrmecol.news_031:85 PDF

Notes: Head anatomy, Protanilla

Al-Keridis, L. A.; Gaber, N. M.; Aldawood, A. S.; Sharaf, M. R. 2021. Description of the queen of the Arabian endemic dolichoderine species Tapinoma wilsoni Sharaf & Aldawood, 2012 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with the first illustrated key to queens of the Arabian Tapinoma Foerster, 1850. African Entomology 29 (1):233-237. 10.4001/003.029.0233 PDF

Notes: Tapinoma queen key to species

Billen, J.; Khalife, A.; Ito, F.; Anh, N.D.; Esteves, F. A. 2021. The basitarsal sulcus gland, a novel exocrine structure in ants. Arthropod Structure & Development 61: Article 101041:1-10. 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101041 PDF

Notes: Basitarsal sulcus gland anatomy

Perfilieva, K. S. 2021. Distribution and differentiation of fossil Oecophylla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) species by wings imprints. Paleontological Journal 55:76-89. 10.1134/S003103012101010X PDF

Longino, J. T.; Branstetter, M. G. 2021. Integrating UCE phylogenomics with traditional taxonomy reveals a trove of New World Syscia species (Formicidae: Dorylinae). Insect Systematics and Diversity 5(2):1-51. 10.1093/isd/ixab001 PDF

Day, M. C.; Fitton, M. G. 1978. Re-curation of the Linnaean Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a reassessment of the taxonomic importance of the collection. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 10 (2):181-198. 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1978.tb00012.x PDF

Csősz, S.; Fisher, B. L. 2021. New species of Aphaenogaster attributed to Csősz & Fisher]. Pp. 15-29 in: Csősz, S.; Loss, A. C.; Fisher, B. L. 2021. Taxonomic revision of the Malagasy Aphaenogaster swammerdami group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). PeerJ 9:e10900:1-34. PDF

Csősz, S.; Loss, A. C.; Fisher, B. L. 2021. Taxonomic revision of the Malagasy Aphaenogaster swammerdami group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). PeerJ 9:e10900:1-34. DOI 10.7717/peerj.10900 PDF

Tinaut, A.; Reyes-López, J. L. 2020. Descripción de una nueva especie para la península ibérica: Temnothorax alfacarensis n. sp. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomologia 44:359-378. PDF

Jeantet, A.-Y. 1969. Recherches histophysiologiques sur la développement post-embryonnaire et le cycle annuel de Formica rufa (Hyménòptere). Insectes Sociaux 16:87-102. PDF

Notes: Formica larva fat cell development

Weir, J.S. 1959. Changes in the retro-cerebral endocrine system of larvae of Myrmica, and their relation to larval growth and development. Insectes Sociaux 6:27-386. PDF

Notes: Myrmica head anatomy

Emmert, W. 1969. Entwicklungslleistungen fragmentierter Labialdrüsen-Imaginalanlangen von Formica pratensis Retz. (Hymenoptera). Wilhelm Roux' Archiv 162:97-113. PDF

Notes: Formica labial gland development

Emmert, W. 1968. Die Postembryonalentwicklung sekretorischer Kopfdrüsen von Formica pratensis Retz. und Apis mellifica L. (Ins. Hym.). Zeitschrift für Morphologie der Tiere 63:1-62. PDF

Notes: Formica head gland development

Nitschmann, J. 1959. Die Entwicklung des Darmkanals bei Myrmica ruginodis Nyl. (Hym. Formicidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 6:454--463. PDF

Notes: Myrmica digestive tract development

Solis, D.R.; Rossi, M.L.; Fox, E.G.P.; de Lima Nogueira, N.; Tanaka, F.A.O.; Bueno, O.C. 2012. On the morphology of the digestive system of two Monomorium ant species. Journal of Insect Science 13:1-13. PDF

Notes: Digestive system larva adult Monomorium.

Valentini, S. 1951. Sur l'adaptation des larves de Formicoidea. Annales des Sciences Naturelles de Zoologie 13:249-276.

Notes: Comparative development 12 species, hypotheses for larval adaptations

Wang, Y.J.; Happ, G.M. 1974. Larval development during the nomadic phase of a nearctic army ant, Neivamyrmex nigrescens (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 3:73-86.

Notes: Neivamyrmex larval development

Pérez, C. 1902. Contribution a l'étude des métamorphoses. Bulletin Scientifique de la France et de la Belgique 37:195-427.

Notes: Formica rufa development

Berlese, A. 1902. Osservazioni su fenomeni che avvegono durante la ninfosi degli insetti metabolici. Rivista di Patologia Vegetale 9:177-344.

Notes: Tapinoma erraticum development

Berlese, A. 1902. Osservazioni su fenomeni che avvegono durante la ninfosi degli insetti metabolici. Rivista di Patologia Vegetale 9:177-344.

Notes: Tapinoma erraticum development

Blanchard, B.D.; Nakamura, A.; Cao, M.; Chen, S.T; Moreau, C.S. 2020. Spine and dine: a key defensive trait promotes ecological success in spiny ants. Ecology and Evolution 10:5852-5863. 10.1002/ece3.6322 PDF

Notes: Polyrhachis phylogeny, evolution

Blanchard, B.D.; Moreau, C.S. 2017. Defensive traits exhibit an evolutionary trade-off and drive diversification in ants. Evolution 71:315-328. 10.1111/evo.13117 PDF

Notes: Formicidae phylogenomics, trait evolution

Wong, T.L.; Guénard, B. 2020 ("2021"). Review of ants from the genus Polyrhachis Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) in Hong Kong and Macau, with notes on their natural history. Asian Myrmecology 13: e013001:1-70. 10.20362/am.013001 PDF

Ortius-Lechner, D.; Rüger, M.; Wanke, T. 2003. Sexing at the larval stage in two ant species of the Formicoxenini (Hymenoptera). Zoomorphology 122:41-45. 10.1007/s00435-002-0067-7 PDF

Notes: Larval gonads

Penick, C.A.; Ebie, J.; Moore, D. 2014. A non-destructive method for identifying the sex of ant larvae. Insectes Sociaux 61:51-55. 10.1007/s00010-013-0323-5 PDF

Notes: Larva genital imaginal discs

Peacock, A. D.; Hall, D. W.; Smith, I. C.; Goodfellow, A. 1950. The biology and control of the ant pest Monomorium pharaonis (L.). Miscellaneous Publication. Department of Agriculture for Scotland. 17:51 pp.

Guerrero, R. J. 2021. Transfer of two South American ant species from Tapinoma Foerster 1850 to Forelius Emery 1888 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dolichoderinae). Zootaxa 4920 (3):428–438. 10.11646/zootaxa.4920.3.8 PDF

Sharaf, M. R. 2021. [Untitled. Monomorium heggyi sp. n. and M. khalidi sp. n. attributed to Sharaf, M.R.]. Pp. 31-37 in: Sharaf, M. R.; Mohamed, A. A.; Boudinot, B. E.; Wetterer, J. K.; Hita Garcia, F.; Al Dhafer, H. M.; Aldawood, A. S. 2021. Monomorium (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Arabian Peninsula with description of two new species, M. heggyi sp. n. and M. khalidi sp. n. PeerJ 9:60 pp. e10726. PDF

Sharaf, M. R.; Mohamed, A. A.; Boudinot, B. E.; Wetterer, J. K.; Hita Garcia, F.; Al Dhafer, H. M.; Aldawood, A. S. 2021. Monomorium (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Arabian Peninsula with description of two new species, M. heggyi sp. n. and M. khalidi sp. n. PeerJ 9:60 pp. e10726. 10.7717/peerj.10726 PDF

Jaitrong, W.; Pitaktunsakul, P.; Jantarit, S. 2021. A new species of the genus Carebara Westwood, 1840 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmecinae) inhabits a cave in Thailand. Far Eastern Entomologist 425:7-20. 10.25221/fee.425.2 PDF