Pheidole - AntCat

An Online Catalog of the Ants of the World by Barry Bolton

Catalog › Formicidae › Myrmicinae › Attini › Pheidole

Pheidole Westwood, 1839 valid feminine

Pheidole Westwood, 1839a: 219 Type-species: Atta providens (obsolete combination of Pheidole providens), by monotypy.

Pheidole in Attidae: Smith, 1858a: 172; Smith, 1860a: 74; Smith, 1862a: 49.
Pheidole in Myrmicidae: Smith, 1871b: 331; Cresson, 1887: 262.
Pheidole in Myrmicidae, Pheidolidae: Emery, 1877b: 81.
Pheidole in Myrmicinae: Mayr, 1861: 69 [Myrmicidae]; Mayr, 1865: 22 [Myrmicidae]; Dours, 1873: 169 [Myrmicidae]; Forel, 1874: 81 [Myrmicidae]; Emery & Forel, 1879: 463 [Myrmicidae]; Dalla Torre, 1893: 88 [Myrmicinae]; Emery, 1896e: 184 [Myrmicinae].
Pheidole in Myrmicinae, Myrmicini: Forel, 1895b: 127; Emery, 1895l: 769; Forel, 1899e: 64; Ashmead, 1905c: 383; Wheeler, 1910a: 139; Santschi, 1914b: 75; Kempf, 1972b: 183; Brandão, 1991: 368.
Pheidole in Myrmicinae, Pheidolini: Forel, 1893b: 165; Emery, 1914e: 40; Emery, 1916a: 147; Forel, 1917: 241; Arnold, 1920a: 414; Emery, 1921c: 77; Wheeler, 1922: 661; subsequent authors; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Bolton, 2003: 64, 232.
Pheidole in Myrmicinae, Attini: Ward et al., 2015: 77.
Pheidole as genus: all authors.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Allopheidole: Emery, 1915g: 190; Emery, 1921c: 84; Smith, 1979: 1366; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Ogata, 1991b: 89; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 234.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Anergatides: Brown, 1973b: 178 [provisional]; Smith, 1979: 1366; Snelling, 1981: 395; Wilson, 1984b: 328; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Bolton, 1994: 106; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 234.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Anisopheidole: Ward et al., 2015: 75.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Bruchomyrma: Brown, 1973b: 179 [provisional]; Wilson, 1984b: 327; Smith, 1979: 1366; Snelling, 1981: 395; Wilson, 1984b: 327; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Brandão, 1991: 332; Bolton, 1994: 106; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Wilson, 2003a: 6; Bolton, 2003: 235.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Cardiopheidole: Emery, 1915g: 190; Emery, 1921c: 84; Kempf, 1972b: 185; Smith, 1979: 1366; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Ogata, 1991b: 89; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 234.
Pheidole senior synonym of Cephalomorium: Smith, 1979: 1366; Snelling, 1981: 395; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Ogata, 1991b: 90; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 235; Wilson, 2003a: 6.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Ceratopheidole: Smith, 1979: 1365; Snelling, 1981: 395; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Ogata, 1991b: 89; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 233; Wilson, 2003a: 6.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Conothoracoides: Smith, 1979: 1366; Snelling, 1981: 395; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Ogata, 1991b: 90; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 235.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Conothorax Karavaiev, 1935a: Smith, 1979: 1366; Snelling, 1981: 395; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Ogata, 1991b: 90; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 235.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Decapheidole: Smith, 1979: 1366; Snelling, 1981: 395; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Ogata, 1991b: 89; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 234; Wilson, 2003a: 6.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Elasmopheidole: Smith, 1979: 1366; Snelling, 1981: 395; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Ogata, 1991b: 89; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 234.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Electropheidole: Smith, 1979: 1365-1366; Snelling, 1981: 395; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Ogata, 1991b: 90; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 235.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Epipheidole: Cole, 1965: 174; Bolton, 1973a: 350; Smith, 1979: 1365; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Ogata, 1991b: 89; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 233.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Eriopheidole: Brown, 1973b: 180 [provisional]; Smith, 1979: 1366; Snelling, 1981: 395; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Brandão, 1991: 343; Ogata, 1991b: 90; Bolton, 1994: 106; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 235.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Gallardomyrma: Brown, 1973b: 180 [provisional]; Smith, 1979: 1366; Snelling, 1981: 395; Wilson, 1984b: 327; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Brandão, 1991: 340; Ogata, 1991b: 90; Bolton, 1994: 106; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 235; Wilson, 2003a: 6.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Hendecapheidole: Brown, 1973b: 181 [provisional]; Smith, 1979: 1366; Snelling, 1981: 395; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Ogata, 1991b: 90; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 235; Wilson, 2003a: 6.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Ischnomyrmex: Smith, 1979: 1365; Snelling, 1981: 395; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Ogata, 1991b: 89; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 233.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Isopheidole: Smith, 1979: 1366; Snelling, 1981: 395; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Ogata, 1991b: 89; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 234.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Leptomyrma: Emery, 1892c: 166; Dalla Torre, 1893: 88; Forel, 1899e: 64; Emery, 1921c: 77; subsequent authors; Bolton, 1973a: 350; Smith, 1979: 1365; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Ogata, 1991b: 89; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 233.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Machomyrma: Ward et al., 2015: 75.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Macropheidole: Smith, 1951c: 800; Brown, 1973b: 181 [provisional]; Smith, 1979: 1366; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Ogata, 1991b: 89; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 234.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Oecophthora: Smith, 1858b: 282; Smith, 1858a: 172; Mayr, 1863a: 438; Roger, 1863b: 30; Mayr, 1865: 93; Mayr, 1872: 153; Dours, 1873: 169; Forel, 1891c: 169; Dalla Torre, 1893: 88; Forel, 1899e: 64; Emery, 1921c: 77; Donisthorpe, 1943g: 677; Kempf, 1972b: 183; Smith, 1979: 1365; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Ogata, 1991b: 89; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 233.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Parapheidole: Smith, 1979: 1366; Snelling, 1981: 395; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Ogata, 1991b: 90; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 234.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Pheidolacanthinus: Brown, 1973b: 183 [provisional]; Smith, 1979: 1365; Snelling, 1981: 395; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Ogata, 1991b: 89; Bolton, 1994: 106; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 233.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Scrobopheidole: Smith, 1979: 1366; Snelling, 1981: 395; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Ogata, 1991b: 89; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 234; Wilson, 2003a: 6.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Stegopheidole: Smith, 1979: 1366; Snelling, 1981: 395; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Ogata, 1991b: 89; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 235.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Sympheidole: Smith, 1979: 1365; Snelling, 1981: 395; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Ogata, 1991b: 89; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 233; Wilson, 2003a: 6.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Trachypheidole: Smith, 1979: 1366; Snelling, 1981: 395; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Ogata, 1991b: 89; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 235; Wilson, 2003a: 6.
Pheidole as senior synonym of Xenoaphaenogaster: Bolton, 1987: 291 (in text); Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15; Bolton, 1995b: 42; Tang et al., 1995: 54; Bolton, 2003: 235.
[Phidole: incorrect subsequent spelling by Bingham, 1903: 220.]
[Phidola: unjustified emendation of spelling by Schulz, 1906: 155.]

Junior synonyms

Allopheidole Forel, 1912
Obsolete classification(s): Pheidole (Allopheidole)
Anergatides Wasmann, 1915
Anisopheidole Forel, 1914
Obsolete classification(s): Pheidole (Anisopheidole)
Bruchomyrma Santschi, 1922
Cardiopheidole Wheeler, 1914
Obsolete classification(s): Pheidole (Cardiopheidole)
Cephalomorium Forel, 1922
Ceratopheidole Pergande, 1896
Obsolete classification(s): Pheidole (Ceratopheidole)
Conothoracoides Strand, 1935
Decapheidole Forel, 1912
Obsolete classification(s): Pheidole (Decapheidole)
Elasmopheidole Forel, 1913
Obsolete classification(s): Pheidole (Elasmopheidole)
Electropheidole Mann, 1921
Epipheidole Wheeler, 1903
Eriopheidole Kusnezov, 1952
Gallardomyrma Bruch, 1932
Hendecapheidole Wheeler, 1922
Obsolete classification(s): Pheidole (Hendecapheidole)
Ischnomyrmex Mayr, 1862
Obsolete classification(s): Aphaenogaster (Ischnomyrmex), Stenamma (Ischnomyrmex), Pheidole (Ischnomyrmex)
Isopheidole Forel, 1912
Obsolete classification(s): Pheidole (Isopheidole)
Leptomyrma Motschoulsky, 1863
Machomyrma Forel, 1895
Macropheidole Emery, 1915
Obsolete classification(s): Pheidole (Macropheidole)
Oecophthora Heer, 1852
Parapheidole Emery, 1915
Pheidolacanthinus Smith, 1865
Obsolete classification(s): Pheidole (Pheidolacanthinus)
Phidola Schulz, 1906
Phidole Bingham, 1903
Scrobopheidole Emery, 1915
Obsolete classification(s): Pheidole (Scrobopheidole)
Stegopheidole Emery, 1915
Obsolete classification(s): Pheidole (Stegopheidole)
Sympheidole Wheeler, 1904
Trachypheidole Emery, 1915
Obsolete classification(s): Pheidole (Trachypheidole)
Xenoaphaenogaster Baroni Urbani, 1964

Obsolete classifications

Pheidole (Pheidole)

Genus Pheidole catalogues

Mayr, 1863a: 424, 440 (Ischnomyrmex, Pheidole); Roger, 1863b: 27, 30 (Ischnomyrmex, Pheidole); Emery & Forel, 1879: 463 (Europe); Cresson, 1887: 262 (U.S.A.); Dalla Torre, 1893: 88, 98 (Pheidole, Pheidolacanthinus); Emery, 1921c: 76, 81, 81, 83, 83, 84 (Machomyrma, Pheidole (Macropheidole), Pheidole (Pheidolacanthinus), Pheidole (Stegopheidole), Pheidole (Anisopheidole), Pheidole (Pheidole)); Emery, 1922c: 110, 111, 112, 112, 112, 113, 114, 115, 115, 116 (Pheidole (Elasmopheidole), Pheidole (Trachypheidole), Pheidole (Scrobopheidole), Pheidole (Decapheidole), Pheidole (Ceratopheidole), Ischnomyrmex, Epipheidole, Sympheidole, Parapheidole, Anergatides); Wheeler, 1922: 806, 879 (Afrotropical Pheidole, Anergatides); Wheeler, 1922: 1017, 1021 (Malagasy Pheidole, Parapheidole); Chapman & Capco, 1951: 135, 137 (Asia Ceratopheidole, Conothorax, Ischnomyrmex, Pheidole); Smith, 1951c: 799, 806, 807 (North America Pheidole, Epipheidole, Sympheidole); Ettershank, 1966: 129 (Anisopheidole); Kempf, 1972b: 183 (Neotropical); Smith, 1979: 1365 (North America); Taylor & Brown, 1985: 54, 65, 74 (Australia Anisopheidole, Machomyrma, Pheidole); Taylor, 1987a: 7, 53 (Australia, New Caledonia & New Zealand Anisopheidole, Pheidole); Brandão, 1991: 368 (Neotropical); Bolton, 1995b: 63, 248, 316 (Anisopheidole, Machomyrma, Pheidole); Fisher & Bolton, 2016: 366 (Afrotropical, Malagasy checklist); Boudinot et al., 2024: 148 (fossil synopsis)

Genus Pheidole references

Smith, 1858a: 172 (diagnosis); Mayr, 1861: 69, 70 (diagnosis, Europe species key); Mayr, 1865: 18, 22 (Ischnomyrmex, Pheidole diagnoses); Mayr, 1867a: 92, 96 (Ischnomyrmex, Pheidole diagnoses); Mayr, 1870b: 977, 979 (Australia & New World species keys); Mayr, 1876: 102 (Australia species key); André, 1883b: 382 (Europe & Algeria species key); Mayr, 1879: 674 (Asia species key); Mayr, 1887: 582 (New World species key); Nasonov, 1889: 75 (Russia species key); Emery, 1895d: 288 (North America species key); Mayr, 1896: 241 (Africa species, partial key); Emery, 1896g: 80 (Pheidole flavens group, key); Forel, 1902c: 165 (India species key); Forel, 1902g: 523 (India & Sri Lanka species key); Bingham, 1903: 223 (India, Sri Lanka & Burma species key); Wheeler, 1908a: 133 (Puerto Rico species key); Emery, 1916a: 149 (Italy species key); Arnold, 1920a: 414 (diagnosis, South Africa species key); Mann, 1921: 442 (Fiji Is species key); Emery, 1921c: 76, 78, 80, 81, 81, 83, 83, 84 (Machomyrma, Pheidole diagnosis, subgenera key, Pheidole (Macropheidole), Pheidole (Pheidolacanthinus), Pheidole (Stegopheidole), Pheidole (Anisopheidole), Pheidole (Pheidole) diagnoses); Emery, 1922c: 110, 111, 112, 112, 112, 113, 114, 115, 115, 116 (Pheidole (Elasmopheidole), Pheidole (Trachypheidole), Pheidole (Scrobopheidole), Pheidole (Decapheidole), Pheidole (Ceratopheidole), Ischnomyrmex, Epipheidole, Sympheidole, Parapheidole, Anergatides diagnoses); Wheeler, 1922: 126, 672 (diagnosis, subgenera key); Gallardo, 1932d: 179 (Argentina Elasmopheidole species key); Finzi, 1936: 165 (Egypt species key); Menozzi, 1939a: 298 (Himalaya species key); Cole, 1942: 362 (U.S.A., Utah species key); Buren, 1944a: 285 (U.S.A., Iowa species key); Creighton, 1950a: 163 (Pheidole Nearctic species key), 192 (Epipheidole Nearctic species), 194 (Sympheidole Nearctic species); Kusnezov, 1952d: 61 (Argentina species key); Smith, 1955d: 302 (Pheidole (Hendecapheidole) species key); Gregg, 1959: 9 (U.S.A. species key); Gregg, 1963: 407 (U.S.A., Colorado species key); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1963: 126 (U.S.A., North Dakota species key); Ettershank, 1966: 129 (Anisopheidole diagnosis, review of genus); Bernard, 1967a: 149 (diagnosis, Western Europe species key); Gregg, 1969b: 95 (addition to Gregg, 1959 U.S.A. key); Alayo, 1974: 11 (Cuba species key); Allred, 1982: 441 (U.S.A., Utah species key); Ogata, 1982: 191 (Japan species key); Collingwood, 1985: 253 (Saudi Arabia species key); Naves, 1985: 54 (U.S.A., Florida species key); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1986g: 41 (U.S.A., Nevada species key); Agosti & Collingwood, 1987b: 271 (Balkans species key); Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 15 (synoptic classification); Kupyanskaya, 1990a: 123 (Far Eastern Russia species key); Ogata, 1991b: 88 (diagnosis, Japan); Morisita et al., 1992: 22 (Japan species key); Bolton, 1994: 106 (synoptic classification); Kupyanskaya, 1995: 345 (Far Eastern Russia species key); Bolton, 1995a: 1051 (census); Wu & Wang, 1995a: 99 (China species key); Collingwood & Agosti, 1996: 322 (Saudi Arabia species key); Park & Kim, 2000a: 109 (Korea species key); Shattuck, 1999: 125, 139, 152 (Australia Anisopheidole, Machomyrma, Pheidole, synopsis); Eguchi, 1999: 103 (Borneo Pheidole longipes group, key); Ward, 2000a: 96 (U.S.A. Pheidole hyatti complex, key); Zhou, 2001a: 121 (China, Guangxi species key); Eguchi, 2001b: 10 (Borneo species key); Mackay & Mackay, 2002: 149 (U.S.A., New Mexico species key); Wilson, 2003a: 27 (New World, all species revision, key); Moreau, 2008: 224 (phylogeny of genus); Eguchi, 2008: 8 (North Vietnam species key); Sarnat, 2008: 8 (Fiji Is Pheidole roosevelti group, key); Terayama, 2009: 171 (Taiwan species key); Heterick, 2009: 169 (southwestern Australia species key); Eguchi et al., 2011: 23 (diagnosis, Vietnam synopsis); Sarnat & Moreau, 2011: 114 (Pheidole roosevelti group phylogeny and radiation); Fischer et al., 2012: 9 (Afrotropical Pheidole pulchella group key); Sarnat & Economo, 2012: 93 (Fiji Is species key); Fischer & Fisher, 2013: 308 (SW Indian Ocean islands species key); Economo et al., 2015: 1 (global phylogeny); Sarnat et al., 2015: 13 (introduced species key); Baccaro et al., 2015: 252 (genus in Brazil); Fischer et al., 2016: 13 (Pheidole knowlesi group key); Sarnat et al., 2016: 11 (Pheidole cervicornis group key); Fisher & Bolton, 2016: 364 (diagnosis); Cantone, 2017: 226 (brief male diagnosis); Fernández & Serna, 2019: 868 (Colombia fauna); Serna et al., 2019: 919 (Colombia species, diagrammatic identifications); Salata & Fisher, 2020a: 1 (Malagasy species groups), 9 (key to species groups from Madagascar); Salata & Fisher, 2020b: 8 (Pheidole sikorae group key); Salata & Fisher, 2020c: 7 (key to Pheidole bessonii group); Casadei-Ferreira et al., 2020: 5 (updated key to species from Brazilian grasslands); Salata & Fisher, 2021: 7 (Malagasy Pheidole fervens group key); Heterick, 2021: 189 (Western Australia species key); Klunk et al., 2021: 1 (mandible functional morphology); Zhong, 2021: 2 (key to species (Fujian, China major workers); Salata & Fisher, 2022: 1 (revision of Malagasy Pheidole megacephala species-group), 6 (Malagasy Pheidole megacephala species-group synopsis, diagnosis), 8 (key to Malagasy Pheidole megacephala species-group); Gómez et al., 2022: 133 (synoptic list of Pheidole pulchella species group), 145 (Pheidole pulchella species group key (minor workers), 147 (Pheidole pulchella species group key (major workers); Ramamonjisoa et al., 2024: 339 (Malagasy region male diagnosis); Vázquez-Franco et al., 2024: 208 (modified Wilson, 2003a key).

Citations

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Extant: 1,163 valid species (148 synonyms, 14 homonyms, 9 unidentifiable, 4 unavailable, 26 obsolete combinations, 13 unavailable misspellings), 124 valid subspecies (189 synonyms, 8 homonyms, 1 unavailable, 149 obsolete combinations)

Fossil: 9 valid species

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Formicidae subfamilies Myrmicinae tribes Attini genera Pheidole species

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